> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.ngsurvey.com/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.ngsurvey.com/projects/import-export/xlsform/survey-sheet/calculations.md).

# Calculations

Calculations are used to create hidden fields that automatically compute values based on other answers in the form.

In XLSForm, calculations are defined using the `calculate` question type. These fields are not shown to the user, but they run in the background and store results for later use or analysis.

In ngSurvey, calculated values will be saved as hidden fields and included in the form data output, just like other answers.

## 🔢 How to define a calculation

To create a calculation:

1. Use the type `calculate` in the `survey` sheet.
2. Assign a name to the field.
3. Use the `calculation` column to define the logic.
4. Optionally, use the `label` column for internal reference (it won’t be shown to the user).

#### Example: Total score from multiple answers

| type      | name         | calculation           |
| --------- | ------------ | --------------------- |
| integer   | q1           |                       |
| integer   | q2           |                       |
| integer   | q3           |                       |
| calculate | total\_score | ${q1} + ${q2} + ${q3} |

In this example:

* The user answers three numeric questions (`q1`, `q2`, `q3`).
* The `total_score` field adds those three values together.
* The value of `total_score` is saved in the form data, even though it is never displayed.

#### Useful calculation functions

You can use most standard operators and functions, such as:

* Math: `+`, `-`, `*`, `div`, `mod`
* Text:  `string-length(), regex, round, substr, concat`
* Logic: `if(condition, true, false)`, `coalesce()`
* Dates: `today()`, `now()`, `date()`


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